The brain is a vastly complex area of study, and there are still many unanswered questions about how it works.

However, modern science is progressing at an incredible rate and new discoveries are continuously leading us to a greater understanding.

Read on to find out more about the brain.

The four main lobes

The brain is made up of four sections, or lobes. These lobes interact with one another to perform the complex functions we take for granted.

Frontal lobe

The frontal lobe is the most recently evolved area of our brain. This section of the brain is what is believed to be largely responsible for problem-solving, reasoning, impulse control and judgement. This allows the frontal lobe to exercise control over the powerful emotional responses that is generated by other parts of the brain. For example, during the caveman era it was perhaps an evolutionary necessity to enter an uncontrollable rage when fighting for survival. This is no longer the case, and the frontal lobe allows us to control our emotions, rather than the other way around.

The frontal lobe is also associated with ‘higher emotions’. One example of this would be empathy, which is the ability to view something from another’s point of view, and then draw your own conclusion based on that information. Another example would be our ability to look beyond actions that lead to immediate gratification, and instead, seek out a long-term goal.

Occipital lobe

The occipital lobe is the area of the brain that is largely responsible for our visual perception system. It converts the information from our eyes into things like depth perception, interpreting colours, and detecting motion. Damaging this area of the brain can lead to a reduced field of vision, blindness, loss of balance and coordination, or even hallucinations.

Parietal lobe

The parietal lobe is responsible for combining the information from all of our different senses (especially touch) to form a general understanding or perception of ourselves and the world around us. For example, if you touch something that is too hot, the parietal lobe processes this information and draws that conclusion. This lobe is important for relative spatial awareness, and so it plays a part in skills like drawing, manipulation of objects, and mathematics.

Temporal lobe

The temporal lobe plays a key role in the formation and understanding of our long-term memories. It is also involved in interpreting visual information from our eyes, because we must use our memories to comprehend the full meaning of what we see. For example, when you see a mobile phone you can only know to label it as such because of your past experiences with them. Another example would be how communication relies on the memories associated with verbal sounds.

Important structures in the brain

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that is currently associated with things like combativeness, sexuality, thermal regulation, thirst and hunger. Those behaviours are linked to powerful emotions, and it is the current medical understanding that the hypothalamus plays a part in emotions such as rage and pleasure. It has also been suggested that the logical extension of this is that the hypothalamus plays a part in controlling the feelings associated with these emotions, such as displeasure or disgust.

One key distinction is that the hypothalamus is linked to the expression of emotions, rather than the generation of them. There are however certain situations where it is directly responsible for creating feelings of panic and anxiety.

Amygdala

The amygdala is located within the temporal lobe and is responsible for the creation of emotions. The amygdala controls such emotions such as affection, friendship, love, rage, aggression and fear. These emotions are very important to our ability to judge situations. For example, when a tiger is running towards us we feel fear and know that it is dangerous. Without the amygdala to associate emotions to a situation at hand, we would not know how to judge or respond to it. The most famous response controlled by the amygdala is the ‘fight or flight’ response.

Hippocampus

The hippocampus is also located within the temporal lobe and is associated with the creation and interpretation of long-term memories. For example, if you have a memory of being seasick in the past, the hippocampus would cause other areas of the brain to associate displeasure with travelling on boats. Without a functioning hippocampus, it would not be possible to associate emotions with your memories.

Severe injury to the hippocampus can be devastating to the injured person’s lifestyle because all of their previous experiences would no longer have any ‘meaning’ to them. It would be painful indeed to find that your husband or wife, despite being able to remember their wedding day, does not associate any feelings of love of joy with it.

Thalamus

The thalamus is the central relay point for the hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus. Each of these three structures must act in unison to form the limbic system, which is the process involved in motivation, emotions, memories, and learning. Without all three structures acting in unison, as coordinated by the thalamus, the limbic system does not perform correctly.

The brain is so important yet so delicate, and damage to it is very often life-changing. To learn more, visit types of brain injury.

With Serious Injury Law, you’re helped with every aspect of your recovery, and we come to see you wherever you are in the country. We organise care, rehabilitation and life skills; you get any essential custom aids and appliances; we arrange adapted vehicle purchases, implement housing adaptations, and if necessary, help you with buying and moving into more suitable accommodation.

Whatever is needed for you and your case, we help to put in place. We understand how difficult life is during what is often called the ‘hidden disability’, so we lift the burden from you, bringing you peace of mind and a secure future after brain injury.

To find out more, read our client stories and brain injury resource below, or contact our serious injury lawyers today.

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